| General Information |
| Command Syntax |
command [option] [source file(s)] [target file] |
| Whatis |
whatis <command> |
| whatis grep |
| Manual |
man |
man ls
man -k ls
man -k ls | grep list |
| |
| Directory Structure |
| Basic directory structure of a UNIX or Linux file system |
| / |
Root |
| /bin |
Commands that can be accessed by all users |
| /boot |
Static boot loader files |
| /dev |
Device files |
| /etc |
Host-specific configuration files |
| /home |
User home directories |
| /lib |
Shared libraries and kernel modules |
| /mnt |
Mount point for temporary file systems |
| /opt |
Add on application software |
| /root |
Home directory for root user |
| /sbin |
System binaries |
| /tmp |
Temporary files |
| /usr |
Shareable, read-only |
| /var |
Variable data files |
|
| |
| User |
| Change User |
su <user_name> |
su root
su oracle
exit
exit |
| Become root |
su - |
su -
exit |
| Current user account |
whoami |
whoami
su -
whoami
exit
whoami |
| Change password |
passwd |
passwd
-- you will be asked to enter your current password then twice enter the new password, identical in both character and case |
| Change user |
su |
| su |
| Change user |
sudo |
| sudo |
| Change Group ID |
groupmod -g <NEWGID> <GROUP> |
usermod -u 100 oracle
groupmod -g 101 dba
find / -user 56 -exec chown -h 100 {} \;
find / -group 34 -exec chgrp -h 101 {} \;
usermod -g 101 oracle |
| Change User ID |
usermod -u <NEWUID> <LOGIN> |
| See Change GROUP ID demo above |
| |
| Navigation |
| Present Working Directory |
pwd |
| pwd |
| Change Directory: Navigating from root |
cd <directory_name> |
pwd
cd /etc
pwd |
| Change Directory: Navigating down one level |
pwd
cd pam.d
pwd |
| Change Directory ... up one level |
pwd
cd ..
pwd |
| Change To Root Directory |
cd /home/oracle
pwd
cd /
pwd |
| |
| Navigation Demo |
| Navigation Exercise |
-- navigate to root directory
cd /
-- verify location
pwd
-- navigate to home directory
cd home
pwd
-- make a directory
mkdir morgan
cd morgan
pwd
mkdir dest
mkdir src
ls -l
cd src
pwd
cd ../dest
pwd
cd ..
pwd |
| |
| File Handling |
| Make Directory |
mkdir <directory_name> |
ls -al
mkdir morgan
ls -al |
| Remove Directory |
rmdir <-options> <directory_name> |
ls -al
rmdir morgan
ls -al |
| Remove Directory & Subdirectories |
rm -i <directory_name> |
cd $HOME
pwd
ls -al
mkdir morgan
ls -al
cd morgan
pwd
mkdir subdir
ls -al
cd ..
pwd
rmdir morgan
rm -ir morgan
-- answer "y" (yes) to questions for removal to proceed |
| Create File |
touch <file_name> |
cd $HOME
touch mlib.ora
ls -l |
| Copy |
cp <old_name> <new_name> |
cp mlib.ora copiedfile.ora
ls -l *.ora |
| Recursive Copy (include directories and their contained files) |
cp -ir <old_name> <new_name> |
cd /home/oracle
mkdir arch
cd arch
touch mlib.ora
cd ..
pwd
ls -l
cp -r arch /tmp
cd /tmp
ls -l |
| Secure CoPy |
scp <user_name>@<server_name>:<source_path_and_file_name> <target_path_and_file_name> |
| scp oracle@bigdog:/home/oracle/*.gz . |
| Delete (Remove) a file |
rm <file_spec> |
touch delfile
ls -l
rm delfile |
| List |
ls [<-options>] <file_spec> |
ls
ls *ora
ls -l *ora
ls -larn
ls -larn *ora
ls -lt |
| Move |
mv <starting_file> <resulting_file> |
touch movefile
ls -l
mv movefile /home/movefile
ls -l
cd /home
ls -l |
| Rename |
mv <starting_file> <resulting_file> |
touch rename.txt
ls -l
mv rename.txt rename.log
ls -l |
| Wildcards: Multiple Characters |
* |
touch test1
touch test2
mkdir arch
ls -l
mv test* arch
cd /arch
ls -l
rm t*
ls -l |
| Wildcard: Single Character |
? |
touch test1
touch test2
touch test99
mkdir arch
ls -l
mv test? arch
ls -l
cd /arch
ls -l
rm test?
ls -l |
| Change Owner |
chown <owner_name> <directory_or_file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -l
chown oracle chngdemo
ls -l |
| Change Group |
chgrp <group_name> <directory_or_file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -l
chgrp dba chngdemo
ls -l |
| Change Mode Triplets |
ROOT - GROUP - USER |
| drwxrwxrwx |
| Change Mode |
chmod <code> <file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -l
chmod 755 chngdemo
ls -l |
| CHMOD and UMASK Codes and Results |
| Code |
UMASK |
Result |
| 111 |
666 |
---x--x--x |
| 222 |
555 |
--w--w--w- |
| 333 |
444 |
--wx-wx-wx |
| 444 |
333 |
-r--r--r-- |
| 555 |
222 |
-r-xr-xr-x |
| 666 |
111 |
-rw-rw-rw- |
| 777 |
000 |
-rwxrwxrwx |
| 124 |
653 |
---x-w-r-- |
| 644 |
133 |
---wr--r-- |
| 755 |
022 |
-rwxr-xr-x |
|
| |
| Environment & Environment Manipulation |
| rename host server |
Rename a Linux server's name |
su
cd /etc/sysconfig/network
-- change the HOSTNAME entry and reboot |
| List hardware/operating system environment |
uname <-options>
| Switch |
Description |
| a |
all |
| i |
hardware platform |
| m |
hardware platform |
| n |
machine name |
| o |
operating system |
| p |
processor |
| r |
kernel release |
| s |
kernel name |
| v |
kernel version |
|
uname -a
uname -i
uname -m
uname -o
uname -p
uname -r
uname -s
uname -v |
| View the full environment: All variables |
set |
set
export ORACLE_SID=orabase
echo $ORACLE_SID
set |
| List the environment of the current session: This is a more limited collection than is displayed by "set" |
env |
env
export CURUSER
echo $CURUSER
env |
| Remove an environment variable |
unset <name> |
set
unset CURUSER
set |
| profile |
Set the environment and run the .profile commands |
cd /home/oracle
-- use an editor to add the following to the .bash_profile file
export ZZYZX=$PATH
-- and save the file
more .bash_profile
echo $ZZYZX
source ~/.bash_profile
echo $ZZYZX |
| Command history |
$HISTSIZE = <integer> |
echo $HISTSIZE
!10
!-4
export
$HISTSIZE=100
echo
$HISTSIZE |
| Command prompt |
-- bash
PS1=whoami@hostname\current working directory\time\date
-- korn
PS1='$PWD>' |
| Home environment variable |
$HOME |
cd /
pwd
echo $HOME
cd $HOME
pwd
cd ~ |
| Rebooting |
init <integer>
| Level |
Description |
| 0 |
In Linux the init 6 command gracefully reboots the system running all the K* shutdown scripts before performing the
reboot. |
| 1 |
Restarts the system in single user mode |
| 6 |
In Linux the init 6 command gracefully reboots the system running all the K* shutdown scripts before performing the
reboot. |
|
# reboot
# reboot -f
# init 0
#
init 6 |
| Shutdown |
shutdown -<switch>
| Level |
Description |
| h |
Equivalent to init 0 |
| r |
Equivalent to init 6 |
| |
|
|
# shutdown -r
# shutdown -h
-- what, specfically, does this do?
# last -x | grep -e shutdown -e reboot |
| |
| File Backup & Restore |
| Tape Archive (tar) |
tar <options> <file_spec> <tarball_name> |
| tar -cvf * beta1RAC.tar |
| Compressed TAR |
tar <options> <file_spec> <tarball_name> |
| tar -cxvf * beta1RAC.tar.gz |
| UNTAR |
tar <options> <file_spec> <tarball_name> |
| tar -xvf beta1RAC.tar |
| UNTAR Compressed |
tar <options> <file_spec> <tarball_name> |
| tar -zxvf beta1RAC.tar.gz |
| UNJAR A Java File |
jar <options> <file_spec> <jar_name> |
| jar -xf patch.jar |
| CPIO |
cpio -ivf <file_name> |
| cpio -idv < as_linux_x86_101300_disk1.cpio |
| |
| Cron Commands |
| Switch |
Description |
| -e |
Edit the current crontab using the editor specified by the VISUAL or EDITOR environment variables.
After you exit from the editor, the modified crontab will be installed automatically. |
| -l |
List - display the current crontab entries |
| -r |
Remove the current crontab |
|
| Edit your crontab file, or create one if it doesn't already exist |
crontab -e |
| crontab -e |
| Display the crontab file's contents |
crontab -l |
| crontab -l |
| Remove the crontab file |
crontab -r |
| crontab -r |
| Specify the crontab user |
crontab -u <username> |
| crontab -u username -l |
| Display the last time the crontab file was edited (not on all systems) |
crontab -v |
| crontab -v |
| |
| Applications |
Concatenate (CAT)
An obscure word meaning "to connect in a series" |
cat [options] <file_name>
| Switch |
Description |
| A |
show all |
| b |
number non-blank lines |
| n |
number all lines |
| s |
squeeze blank: never more than one blank line |
|
cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
cat tnsnames.ora
cat -n tnsnames.ora |
| Disk Free Space |
df <switches> |
df
df -k
df -m
df -h (Linux only) |
| View environment variable's value |
echo <environment variable> |
| echo $ORACLE_SID |
| Find Files |
find . -name "<file_name>" -print |
| find * -name "crontab*" -print |
| Find archive logs older than 3 days and delete them |
find |
| find . -name *.arc -type f -ctime +3 -exec rm {} \; |
| Delete files over 14 days old |
find $WORKDIR -name "<filemask>" -mtime+<days> -exec rm {}\; |
| find $WORKDIR -name "*.dat.*" -mtime + 14 -exec rm {} \; |
| Find and delete trace files more than 7 days old |
find . -name "<file_name>" -print |
| find $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID -name "*.trc" -mtime +7 -exec rm -f {} \; |
Global Regular Expression Print (GREP). Prints all lines matching a certain pattern
Submitted to the library by JP Vijaykumar. Thank you. |
grep [-options] pattern [filename] |
-- I am having the following files in a directory
[oracle@localhost jp]$ ls -l
total 48
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:56 jp1.dat
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:56 jp2.dat
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:56 jp3.dat
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:56 jp4.dat
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:57 jp5.dat
/* I have to include the following message "THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY"
in the third line of each of these files.
The redirection option ">>" can append the line to the end of a file. Let us see how to insert the message in the middle of a file.
I checked whether any of my files contain the message. */
[oracle@localhost jp]$ grep "THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY" *dat
[oracle@localhost jp]$
/* I created a while loop to implement the task of copying the message in the middle of the files *.dat. */
[oracle@localhost jp]$ cat while_loop.sh
#!/bin/sh -x
#Author JP Vijaykumar Oracle DBA
#Date 08 - 08 - 08
#THIS SCRIPT INSERTS THE FOLLOWING MESSAGE
#IN THE THIRD LINE OF FILES *.DAT
#THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
ls -1 |grep -v while_loop.sh|while read FILE
do
head -2 $FILE >> TEMP
echo "THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY" >> TEMP
tail -`cat $FILE|wc -l|awk '{print $0 -2}'` $FILE >> TEMP
mv TEMP $FILE
done
exit
I executed the script.
[oracle@localhost jp]$./while_loop.sh
I checked whether any of my files contain this message.
[oracle@localhost jp]$ grep "THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY" *dat
jp1.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
jp2.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
jp3.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
jp4.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
jp5.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY |
| Disk i/o Memory Statistics |
iostat |
| iostat |
| More |
more <file_name> |
cd /etc
more protocols |
| Processor related statistics |
mpstat |
| mpstat |
| Processes |
ps <options> grep <filter> |
ps -ef
ps -ef | grep ora |
| System Activity Statistics (Paging) |
sar <options> |
| sar -B |
Tee
Splits the output of another command, sending it to a file and to the terminal. |
tee <file_name> |
cd $HOME
ls -larn
ls -larn | tee zzyzx
ls -larn
more zzyzx |
| Top CPU processes |
top |
top
q |
| Virtual Memory Statistics |
vmstat |
| vmstat |
| View the full path of shell commands |
which <shell command name> |
which grep
which id
which which |
| |
| System Management |
| Network Configuration |
ifconfig <options> |
| ifconfig |
| Wireless Configuration |
iwconfig <options> |
| iwconfig wifi0 power off |
| Shared Library Dependencies |
ldd <program_name> |
| ldd ? |
| Display Loaded Kernel Modules |
lsmod |
| lsmod |
| Display Open Files |
lsof |
| lsof |
| Display Formatted Process Tree |
pstree <options> |
| pstree -ca |
| |
| User Management |
| Change Password and Expiration Information |
chage |
| chage ? |
| Force Password Change At Next Logon |
chage |
| chage -d0 |
| Create Group |
groupadd <switch> <group_number> <group_name> |
| groupadd -g 500 oinstall |
| Display All Resource Limits for the Current User |
ulimit <switches> |
| ulimit -a |
| Display data about one or more users |
finger <switches> users |
| finger -l oracle |
| Remap key |
stty <keyword> <key> |
stty ERASE <backspace_key>
-- displays stty ERASE ^? |
| |
| vi |
| create a new file or open a file for editing |
vi |
| vi initSID.ora |
| quit without saving |
:q! |
| :q! |
| save and quit |
:wq |
| :wq |
| insert |
Esc i |
| i |
| append |
Esc A |
| A |
| open a new line |
Esc o |
| o |
| replace a single character |
Esc r |
| r |
| replace a multiple characters |
Esc R |
| R |
| delete a single character |
Esc x |
| x |
| delete line |
Esc dd |
| dd |
| delete word |
Esc dw |
| dw |
| undo |
Esc u |
| u |
| |
| SQL*Plus Shell Script Demo |
| bash demo |
-- log onto Linux as the user oracle
-- verify the UNIX user
[oracle@gamma2 home]$ whoami
oracle
-- log into Oracle as scott/tiger
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 17:18:37 2006
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options
-- create a test table
SCOTT@orcl > create table test (
2 testcol VARCHAR2(30));
Table created.
-- exit SQL*Plus
SCOTT@orcl >exit;
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 Production With the Partitioning Option, Real
Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options
-- verify location is Oracle's home directory
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ pwd
/home/oracle
-- create a file named "morgan"
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ touch morgan
-- look at the file's permissions
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al morgan
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 15:56 morgan
-- make it executable
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ chmod 755 morgan
-- verify it is executable
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al morgan
-rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 15:56 morgan
-- open the file using vi
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ vi morgan
-- insert the following w/o quotes: "touch swartz"
-- verify the file's contents
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ more morgan
touch swartz
-- execute it
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ./morgan
-- verify the swartz file was created
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al swartz
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 16:04 swartz
-- delete the "swartz" file
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ rm swartz
-- open morgan with vi, remove the TOUCH command and put in what you see after "more morgan" below
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ vi morgan
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ more morgan
sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl <<EOF
INSERT INTO test (testcol) VALUES ('Swartz');
COMMIT;
EXIT
EOF
-- execute it ... everything else is what scrolls on screen
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ./morgan
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 17:20:16 2006
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options
SCOTT@orcl >
1 row created.
SCOTT@orcl >
Commit complete.
SCOTT@orcl > exit;
Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ |
| |
| Rescue |
| In the event of failure boot from the Linux CD or DVD |
boot: linux rescue
# chroot /mnt/sysimage
# cd /boot/grub
use vi to edit/configure files |
| |
| Example Configuration Files |
| Export Display |
export DISPLAY=localhost:0:0
echo $DISPLAY |
| .bash_profile |
alias ob='cd $ORACLE_BASE'
alias oh='cd $ORACLE_HOME'
alias cm='cd $ORACLE_HOME/oracm/log'
alias sql='sqlplus "/ as sysdba"' |
| hosts.equiv |
| # Comment/Uncomment those entries for your cluster below. |
| |
| alpha1 |
oracle |
| alpha2 |
oracle |
| #beta1 |
oracle |
| #beta2 |
oracle |
| #gamma1 |
oracle |
| #gamma2 |
oracle |
| delta1 |
oracle |
| delta2 |
oracle |
| |
| alpha-node1 |
oracle |
| alpha-node2 |
oracle |
| #beta-node1 |
oracle |
| #beta-node2 |
oracle |
| #gamma-node1 |
oracle |
| #gamma-node2 |
oracle |
| #delta-node1 |
oracle |
| #delta-node2 |
oracle |
| |
| # DO NOT Comment out this entry! |
| topdog |
oracle |
|
